Are ginger and curcumin a dynamic duo?

"Ginger May Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk" in Natural Medicine Journal (2012)
"This curcumin study raises the question of whether a ginger and curcumin combination might prove to have greater effect than either alone. A 2009 paper suggests that a combination of the 2 has utility in healing skin abrasions in rats whose healing capacities had been suppressed with corticosteroid treatment."

Are resveratol and curcumin a dynamic duo?

"Curcumin and resveratrol inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated cytokine expression in adipocytes" in Nutrition and Metabolism (2008) [full article]

"Curcumin and resveratrol treatment inhibited NF-κB activation and resulted in a reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2 gene expression (IC50 = 2 μM) and a reduction of secreted IL-6 and PGE2 (IC50 ~ 20 μM).
...
Curcumin and resveratrol are able to inhibit TNFα-activated NF-κB signaling in adipocytes and as a result significantly reduce cytokine expression. These data suggest that curcumin and resveratrol may provide a novel and safe approach to reduce or inhibit the chronic inflammatory properties of adipose tissue.
...
Both polyphenols have relatively short half-lives in vivo as they are rapidly metabolized to their glucuronide and sulfated forms. These metabolites, readily found in the circulation, typically demonstrate very low cell permeability and questionable bioactivity when compared to their unmetabolized forms. In spite of these hurdles, the in vivo efficacies of curcumin and resveratrol have been reproducibly shown by numerous investigators. Many challenges lie ahead in order to systematically and quantitatively address the pharmacokinetics of these natural products. Immediate questions that need to be addressed to improve on in vivo efficacy include, 1) do the metabolites of curcumin and resveratrol have comparable bioactivity with the parent compounds, 2) does the circulating pool of metabolites represent a source of inhibitor that can be modified to their more active forms, and 3) can chemical substitutions be made to the base structures of curcumin and resveratrol making them more active and less susceptible to conjugation."

What are good sources of curcumin?

See the post entitled "Can Curcumin reduce the symptoms of CD?"

AOR CureCumin is a curcumin complex extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.), one of the most effective antioxidants and anti-inflammatories:

Can ginger reduce Crohn's symptoms?

See ginger at the world's healthiest foods

See ginger on Wikipedia
See gingerol on Wikipedia

"Curcumin: Getting Back to the Roots" by Shishodia et al., Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas

"Modern science has revealed that curcumin mediates its effects by modulation of several important molecular targets, including transcription factors (e.g., NF- B, AP-1, Egr-1, -catenin, and PPAR- ), enzymes (e.g., COX2, 5-LOX, iNOS, and hemeoxygenase-1), cell cycle proteins (e.g., cyclin D1 and p21), cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and chemokines), receptors (e.g., EGFR and HER2), and cell surface adhesion molecules. Because it can modulate the expression of these targets, curcumin is now being used to treat cancer, arthritis, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, psoriasis, and other pathologies.  Interestingly, 6-gingerol, a natural analog of curcumin derived from the root of ginger (Zingiber officinalis), exhibits a biologic activity profile similar to that of curcumin. The efficacy, pharmacologic safety, and cost effectiveness of curcuminoids prompt us to “get back to our roots."

"Ginger May Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk" in Natural Medicine Journal (2012)
"The first is that ginger acts as an anti-inflammatory and blocks both cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes that produce procancer eicosanoids. Aspirin protects against CRC, and it only blocks the COX enzymes. Evidence suggests that inhibiting both the COX and the LOX pathways will slow tumor growth more than inhibiting either pathway alone.
The second is that ginger has antitumor action independent of these anti-inflammatory effects. “The cancer preventive activities of ginger are supposed to be mainly due to free radical scavenging, antioxidant pathways, alteration of gene expressions, and induction of apoptosis, all of which contribute towards decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.”1 An extract of “ginger, can enhance the anticancer effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL).” Ginger extract “potentiated TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human HCT116 colon cancer cells and … this correlated with the up-regulation of TRAIL death receptor (DR) 4 and DR5.” This was “not cell-type specific, as its expression was also up-regulated in prostate, kidney, breast, and pancreatic cancer cell lines.”2"

See my post entitled "Can Curcumin reduce Crohn's symptoms?"

Can curcumin reduce Crohn's symptoms?

Curcumin on Wikipedia
"Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). ... At present, these effects have not been confirmed in humans. However, as of 2008, numerous clinical trials in humans were underway, studying the effect of curcumin on various diseases, including multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, myelodysplastic syndromes, colon cancer, psoriasis, and Alzheimer's disease. In vitro and animal studies have suggested curcumin may have antitumor, antioxidant, antiarthritic, antiamyloid, anti-ischemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. ... Curcumin acts as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, inhibiting lipid peroxidation[19] and oxidative DNA damage."

Tumeric from the world's healthiest foods

"A Potent, Yet Safe Anti-Inflammatory: The volatile oil fraction of turmeric has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of experimental models. Even more potent than its volatile oil is the yellow or orange pigment of turmeric, which is called curcumin. Curcumin is thought to be the primary pharmacological agent in turmeric. In numerous studies, curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects have been shown to be comparable to the potent drugs hydrocortisone and phenylbutazone as well as over-the-counter anti-inflammatory agents such as Motrin. Unlike the drugs, which are associated with significant toxic effects (ulcer formation, decreased white blood cell count, intestinal bleeding), curcumin produces no toxicity.

An Effective Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Curcumin may provide an inexpensive, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn's and ulcerative colitis, recent research suggests. In this study, mice given an inflammatory agent that normally induces colitis were protected when curcumin was added to their diet five days beforehand. The mice receiving curcumin not only lost much less weight than the control animals, but when researchers checked their intestinal cell function, all the signs typical of colitis (mucosal ulceration, thickening of the intestinal wall, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells)were all much reduced. While the researchers are not yet sure exactly how curcumin achieves its protective effects, they think its benefits are the result of not only antioxidant activity, but also inhibition of a major cellular inflammatory agent called NF kappa-B. Plus, an important part of the good news reported in this study is the fact that although curcumin has been found to be safe at very large doses, this component of turmeric was effective at a concentration as low as 0.25 per cent&mash;an amount easily supplied by simply enjoying turmeric in flavorful curries.

Relief for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical studies have substantiated that curcumin also exerts very powerful antioxidant effects. As an antioxidant, curcumin is able to neutralize free radicals, chemicals that can travel through the body and cause great amounts of damage to healthy cells and cell membranes. This is important in many diseases, such as arthritis, where free radicals are responsible for the painful joint inflammation and eventual damage to the joints. Turmeric's combination of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects explains why many people with joint disease find relief when they use the spice regularly. In a recent study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, curcumin was compared to phenylbutazone and produced comparable improvements in shortened duration of morning stiffness, lengthened walking time, and reduced joint swelling."

For ideas on how to increase bioavailability, see "Make Mincemeat of Cancer Cells With This Breakthrough Spice" from Mercola.com
"One work-around is to use the curcumin powder and make a microemulsion of it by combining a tablespoon of the powder and mixing it into 1-2 egg yolks and a teaspoon or two of melted coconut oil. Then use a high speed hand blender to emulsify the powder.
Another strategy that can help increase absorption is to put one tablespoon of the curcumin powder into a quart of boiling water. It must be boiling when you add the powder as it will not work as well if you put it in room temperature water and heat the water and curcumin. After boiling it for ten minutes you will have created a 12 percent solution that you can drink once it has cooled down. It will have a woody taste. The curcumin will gradually fall out of solution however. In about six hours it will be a 6 percent solution, so it's best to drink the water within four hours. Dr. LaValley is also helping us beta test new curcumin preparations that will radically simplify this process."

"Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases: an age-old spice with modern targets" in Trends in Pharmcological Targets (2009)
"Extensive research within the past two decades has shown that curcumin mediates its anti-inflammatory effects through the downregulation of inflammatory transcription factors (such as nuclear factor κB), enzymes (such as cyclooxygenase 2 and 5 lipoxygenase) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 and interleukin 6)."

"Dietary polyphenols can modulate the intestinal inflammatory response" in Nutrition Reviews (2009)
"Studies, conducted using in vivo and in vitro models, provide evidence that pure polyphenolic compounds and natural polyphenolic plant extracts can modulate intestinal inflammation."

"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Simvastatin in Acute Small Intestinal Inflammation " in PLoS ONE (2010)

"In a recent study, Curcumin has been shown to inhibit oxidative stress [36] that in turn has been associated with tight junction opening, thereby modifying intestinal permeability [37]. In the present study, bacterial translocation rates (due to compromised epithelial barrier function) into spleen and cardiac blood after treatment with either compound were lower as compared to the Placebo group. Therefore, Resveratrol, Simvastatin, and Curcumin might modulate tight junction protein expression and function." [See my post entitled "Does Resveratol lessen the symptoms of CD?"]

"Curcumin: Getting Back to the Roots" by Shishodia et al., Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas
"Modern science has revealed that curcumin mediates its effects by modulation of several important molecular targets, including transcription factors (e.g., NF- B, AP-1, Egr-1, -catenin, and PPAR- ), enzymes (e.g., COX2, 5-LOX, iNOS, and hemeoxygenase-1), cell cycle proteins (e.g., cyclin D1 and p21), cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and chemokines), receptors (e.g., EGFR and HER2), and cell surface adhesion molecules. Because it can modulate the expression of these targets, curcumin is now being used to treat cancer, arthritis, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, psoriasis, and other pathologies."

"Curcumin has Bright Prospects for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease" in Current Pharmaceutical Design (2009)
"... [I]n recent years, a large number of research papers have reported intriguing pharmacologic effects associated with curcumin. These include inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenases 1, 2 (COX-1, COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), TNF-α, interferon γ (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the transcriptional nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), in addition to a strong anti-oxidant effect. NF-κB is a key factor in the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines that have a high profile in inflammatory diseases, suggesting that curcumin could be a novel therapeutic agent for patients with IBD. Therefore, in recent years, the efficacy of curcumin has been investigated in several experimental models of IBD. The results indicate striking suppression of induced IBD colitis and changes in cytokine profiles, from the pro-inflammatory Th1 to the anti-inflammatory Th2 type. In human IBD, up to now, only one open study has achieved encouraging results. In this study, patients were given curcumin (360mg/dose) 3 or 4 times/day for three months. Further, curcumin significantly reduced clinical relapse in patients with quiescent IBD. The inhibitory effects of curcumin on major inflammatory mechanisms like COX-2, LOX, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-κB and its unrivalled safety profile suggest that it has bright prospects in the treatment of IBD. However, randomized controlled clinical investigations in large cohorts of patients are needed to fully evaluate the clinical potential of curcumin."

"Curcumin for inflammatory bowel disease: a review of human studies" in Alt Med Rev (2011)
"Although two small studies have shown promising results, all authors conclude that larger-scale, double-blind trials need to be conducted to establish a role for curcumin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. In addition to improving results when used in conjunction with conventional medications for UC, curcumin may pose a less-expensive alternative."

"Novel formulation of solid lipid microparticles of curcumin for anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity for optimization of therapy of inflammatory bowel disease" in Journal of Pharmact and Pharmacology (2010)
"Objectives This project was undertaken with a view to optimize the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease through a novel drug delivery approach for localized treatment in the colon. Curcumin has poor aqueous solubility, poor stability in the gastrointestinal tract and poor bioavailability. The purpose of the study was to prepare and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) of curcumin for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in a colitis-induced rat model by a colon-specific delivery approach. ...

Conclusions The degree of colitis caused by administration of DSS was significantly attenuated by colonic delivery of SLMs of curcumin. Being a nontoxic natural dietary product, curcumin could be useful in the therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel disease patients."

"Molecular Targets of Dietary Polyphenols with Anti-inflammatory Properties" in Yonsei Med J (2005)
"Studies using isolated bovine COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes showed that curcumin had significantly higher inhibitory effects on the peroxidase activity of COX-1 than that of COX-2"

"Bioavailability of curcumin" post on Margaret's Corner, section on "My Discovery of Curcumin" and her journey with Multiple Myeloma"Pre-, "Pro-, Synbiotics and Human Health"in Symbiotics and Human Health (2010)
"... eating substantial amounts of foods with documented anti-inflammatory effects such as turmeric/curcumin, molecules which might be included in future synbiotic compositions."
See my post "Can ginger reduce the symptoms of CD?"