"L-carnitine and intestinal inflammation" in Vitamins and the immune system (2011) (pp. 353-366)
"The intestinal barrier is one of the most dynamic surfaces of the body. It is here where a single layer of epithelial cells mediates the intricate encounters that occur between the host's immune system and a multitude of potential threats present in the intestinal lumen. Several key factors play an important role in the final outcome of this interaction, including the state of oxidative stress, the level of activation of the immune cells, and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This chapter describes the main evidence demonstrating the impact that L-carnitine has on each of these factors. These findings, combined with the demonstrated safety profile of L-carnitine, underscore the potential therapeutic value of L-carnitine supplementation in humans suffering from intestinal inflammation and highlight the functional data supporting an association between Crohn's disease and mutations in the L-carnitine transporter genes."
L-carnitine to Treat Fatigue Associated With Crohn's Disease, University of California, San Francisco
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01523106
Estimated Enrollment: 200
Study Start Date: February 2012
Estimated Study Completion Date: February 2013
Active comparator: Patients will take 4 grams of L-carnitine (2 grams twice daily) for 3 months
"Role of carnitine in disease" in Nutrition and Metabolism (2010)
"Carnitine transporter mutations in Crohn's disease consists of missense mutation(s) in the gene coding plasma membrane transporter OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and/or mutation(s) in the promoter of the gene encoding OCTN2 (SLC22A5) [14,35]. Manifestation of these mutations results in disruption of a heat shock binding element decreasing the transport function (OCTN1), and reduced expression (through OCTN2 mutation) which both result in carnitine deficiency [14]. These mutations are in strong linkage disequilibrium, creating a two-allele risk haplotype and hence increasing the overall risk of this disease [14]."
"Identifying new therapeutic targets for treatment of Crohn's disease: The role of CD47 and L-carnitine in the pathogenesis and treatment of a murine model of intestinal inflammation", Geneviève Fortin
McGill University (2010)
"L-carnitine is an amino acid derivative normally present in meat and dairy products and is also available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement. Since mutations in the L-carnitine transporters, OCTN1 and OCTN2, were found to be associated with CD, we sought to examine its role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Remarkably, L-carnitine displayed immunosuppressive properties both in vitro and in vivo, effectively suppressing both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune response and resulting in a significant reduction in the development of intestinal inflammation."
"We have thus identified CD47 as an important regulator of SIRPα+ DC trafficking, and demonstrate that this DC subset is implicated in the development of intestinal inflammation. Additionally, we have identified two promising new therapeutic candidates, CD47-fc and L-carnitine, for the treatment of CD."
Estimated Enrollment: 200
Study Start Date: February 2012
Estimated Study Completion Date: February 2013
Active comparator: Patients will take 4 grams of L-carnitine (2 grams twice daily) for 3 months
"Role of carnitine in disease" in Nutrition and Metabolism (2010)
"Carnitine transporter mutations in Crohn's disease consists of missense mutation(s) in the gene coding plasma membrane transporter OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and/or mutation(s) in the promoter of the gene encoding OCTN2 (SLC22A5) [14,35]. Manifestation of these mutations results in disruption of a heat shock binding element decreasing the transport function (OCTN1), and reduced expression (through OCTN2 mutation) which both result in carnitine deficiency [14]. These mutations are in strong linkage disequilibrium, creating a two-allele risk haplotype and hence increasing the overall risk of this disease [14]."
"Identifying new therapeutic targets for treatment of Crohn's disease: The role of CD47 and L-carnitine in the pathogenesis and treatment of a murine model of intestinal inflammation", Geneviève Fortin
McGill University (2010)
"L-carnitine is an amino acid derivative normally present in meat and dairy products and is also available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement. Since mutations in the L-carnitine transporters, OCTN1 and OCTN2, were found to be associated with CD, we sought to examine its role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Remarkably, L-carnitine displayed immunosuppressive properties both in vitro and in vivo, effectively suppressing both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune response and resulting in a significant reduction in the development of intestinal inflammation."
"We have thus identified CD47 as an important regulator of SIRPα+ DC trafficking, and demonstrate that this DC subset is implicated in the development of intestinal inflammation. Additionally, we have identified two promising new therapeutic candidates, CD47-fc and L-carnitine, for the treatment of CD."
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