"In CD and UC, selected micronutrient deficits and loss of BCM and muscle strength are frequent in remission and cannot be detected by standard malnutrition screening."
"Whole Body BMC in Pediatric Crohn Disease: Independent Effects of Altered Growth, Maturation, and Body Composition" in JBMR (2004) [full article]
"Cortical bone comprises 80% of the skeletal bone mass; therefore, whole body DXA BMC reflects predominantly cortical bone mass and dimensions. The primary function of cortical bone is mechanical strength. ... The BMC deficits in CD reported here likely represent structurally significant deficits in cortical bone, which are associated with deficits in lean mass and consistent with increased fracture risk in CD. ...
In contrast, our multistaged approach revealed the contributions of each confounding variable to structurally significant bone deficits. ...
It is critical to note that the absence of a bone deficit after adjustment for lean mass does not imply that the bones are normal or adequate. As muscles increase in size and strength during growth, bones adapt by increasing mass, dimensions, and strength.(29) Growth, in the absence of normal loading, results in bones that are adapted to their diminished functional requirement, with decreased mass, size, and strength. These bones may be inadequate to withstand even minor trauma. ...
While the bone and muscle deficits are highly correlated, this does not prove a causal relationship. This close association may be mediated by nutritional, hormonal, or inflammatory factors that influence muscle and bone. ...Alternatively, physical activity may be decreased in those with CD, resulting in decreased muscle forces, with a consequent reduction in bone mass. ...
The clinical significance of poor bone health in CD lies in the occurrence of fractures during childhood and beyond.(5,6) The data presented here highlight the relationship between bone and muscle deficits in CD. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between decreased muscle mass, muscle strength, physical activity level, and bone mass in CD. Weight-bearing physical activity may represent a powerful and safe intervention to improve bone health and lean mass in CD and should be explored in future clinical trials." [Emphases mine.]
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) on Wikipedia
"... he amount of matter per cubic centimeter of bones .. used in clinical medicine as an indirect indicator of osteoporosis and fracture risk."
Osteopenia on Wikipedia
"... a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal. It is considered by many doctors to be a precursor to osteoporosis. However, not every person diagnosed with osteopenia will develop osteoporosis. More specifically, osteopenia is defined as a bone mineral density T-score between -1.0 and -2.5."
It is critical to note that the absence of a bone deficit after adjustment for lean mass does not imply that the bones are normal or adequate. As muscles increase in size and strength during growth, bones adapt by increasing mass, dimensions, and strength.(29) Growth, in the absence of normal loading, results in bones that are adapted to their diminished functional requirement, with decreased mass, size, and strength. These bones may be inadequate to withstand even minor trauma. ...
While the bone and muscle deficits are highly correlated, this does not prove a causal relationship. This close association may be mediated by nutritional, hormonal, or inflammatory factors that influence muscle and bone. ...Alternatively, physical activity may be decreased in those with CD, resulting in decreased muscle forces, with a consequent reduction in bone mass. ...
The clinical significance of poor bone health in CD lies in the occurrence of fractures during childhood and beyond.(5,6) The data presented here highlight the relationship between bone and muscle deficits in CD. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between decreased muscle mass, muscle strength, physical activity level, and bone mass in CD. Weight-bearing physical activity may represent a powerful and safe intervention to improve bone health and lean mass in CD and should be explored in future clinical trials." [Emphases mine.]
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) on Wikipedia
"... he amount of matter per cubic centimeter of bones .. used in clinical medicine as an indirect indicator of osteoporosis and fracture risk."
Osteopenia on Wikipedia
"... a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal. It is considered by many doctors to be a precursor to osteoporosis. However, not every person diagnosed with osteopenia will develop osteoporosis. More specifically, osteopenia is defined as a bone mineral density T-score between -1.0 and -2.5."
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