"Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient.[1][2][3][4][5] It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins."
"There is some evidence to suggest that choline is anti-inflammatory. In the ATTICA study, higher dietary intake of choline was associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers.[27] A small study found that choline supplements reduced symptoms of allergic rhinitis."
"Choline or betaine supplements also may reducehomocysteine.[38]"
Choline from the world's healthiest foods
"Food sources of choline include soybeans, egg yolk, butter, peanuts, potatoes, cauliflower, lentils, oats, sesame seeds and flax seeds."
"Mild deficiency of choline has also been linked to fatigue, insomnia, poor ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, problems with memory, and nerve-muscle imbalances. Choline deficiency can also cause deficiency of another B vitamin critically important for health, folic acid."
"In addition to poor dietary intake of choline itself, poor intake of other nutrients can result in choline deficiency. These nutrients include vitamins B-3, folic acid, and the amino acid methionine. The reason that these other nutrients can cause choline deficiency inolves the unusual chemical structure of choline as a "trimethylated" molecule."
"Dietary choline and betaine intakes in relation to concentrations of inflammatory markers in healthy adults: the ATTICA study." in Am J Clin Nutr (2008)
"Compared with the lowest tertile of choline intake (<250 mg/d), participants who consumed >310 mg/d had, on average, 22% lower concentrations of C-reactive protein (P < 0.05), 26% lower concentrations of interleukin-6 (P < 0.05), and 6% lower concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.01). Similarly, participants who consumed >360 mg/d of betaine had, on average, 10% lower concentrations of homocysteine (P < 0.01), 19% lower concentrations of C-reactive protein (P < 0.1), and 12% lower concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.05) than did those who consumed <260 mg/d. These findings were independent of various sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics of the participants."
"Is there a new component of the Mediterranean diet that reduces inflammation?" in Am J Clin Nutr (2008)
" It is possible that epigenetic mechanisms, via the methylation of promoter regions of genes involved in inflammation, are responsible for the observed association between dietary choline and betaine and inflammation (7). Choline-deficient humans overexpress genes in the immune-inflammatory response and lymphocyte differentiation-activation gene ontology groupings (14). Exposure to oxidative stress is a potent trigger for inflammation. Betaine is formed from choline within the mitochondria, and this oxidation contributes to mitochondrial redox status. Choline deficiency is associated with leaky mitochondria, leakage of free radicals, and damage to DNA (15-17). Thus, there are multiple potential mechanisms whereby diets lower in choline and betaine might result in increases in biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans. If the association between choline and betaine and inflammation can be confirmed in studies of other populations, an interesting new dietary approach may be available for reducing chronic diseases associated with inflammation."
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