Vitamin A from CyberLipids Center
Vitamin A is important to vitamin D supplementation. See my post entitled "Does increasing vitamin D improve Crohn's symptoms?"
Vitamin E recycles vitamin A.
Zinc is a cofactor for vitamin A.
"Plasma zinc levels have been found to be dependent upon vitamins A and D. This suggests that a Vitamin A or D deficiency could cause a secondary zinc deficiency and that for treatment of zinc deficiency one should ensure adequate vitamin A and D intake" from Zinc Deficiency on Wikipedia
"From the diet to the nucleus: Vitamin A and TGF-β join efforts at the mucosal interface of the intestine" from Seminars in Immunology, The Roles of Retinoic Acid in Lymphocyte Differentiation (2009)
"The vitamin A metabolites, including retinoic acid (RA), form ligands for retinoic acid-related nuclear receptors and together they play pleiotropic roles in various biological processes. Recently, we described that RA also functions as a key modulator of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-driven immune deviation, capable of suppressing the differentiation of interleukin-17 secreting T helper cells (TH17) and conversely promoting the generation of Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. This review will focus on the role of RA in the reciprocal TGF-β-driven differentiation of TH17 and Treg and on the importance of such regulatory mechanism to control a functional immune system, in particular at the mucosal interface of the intestine."
"Environmental influences on T regulatory cells in inflammatory bowel disease" from Review, Seminars in Immunology, Gene-environment Interaction in Induction of Autoimmunity (2011)
"In this review we will discuss environmental factors, including cytokines, vitamins A and D, and commensal bacteria, which influence the phenotype and function of regulatory [CD4] T cells and thereby alter the course of IBD. We will also discuss how these environmental signals can be manipulated therapeutically in order to improve the function of regulatory T cells and ultimately restore mucosal homeostasis in patients with IBD.
"In this review we will discuss environmental factors, including cytokines, vitamins A and D, and commensal bacteria, which influence the phenotype and function of regulatory [CD4] T cells and thereby alter the course of IBD. We will also discuss how these environmental signals can be manipulated therapeutically in order to improve the function of regulatory T cells and ultimately restore mucosal homeostasis in patients with IBD.
...
Impact of environmental factors on CD4+T cell differentiation in IBD. Environmental factors such as vitamins A and D, cytokines and specific microbiota are able to skew the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells and alter the balance between Treg and/or Th1/Th17 cells. The shift from a Treg dominated response to a Th1/Th17 response is implicated in the gut inflammatory process and the development of IBD. Manipulation of these environmental factors could be used therapeutically to shift the balance towards Tregs."
Primal Body, Primal Mind: Beyond the Paleo Diet for Total Health and a Longer Life by Nora T. Gedgaudas (2011)
"... with vitamin A in its true state, as found in beef liver, grass-fed butter and ghee, and what is called "high vitamin" cod-liver oil (rich in both vitamins A and D)--not simply beta-carotene."
"Vitamins A & D Inhibit the Growth of Mycobacteria in Radiometric Culture" in PLoS ONE (2011)
"Vitamins A and D cause dose-dependent inhibition of all three mycobacterial species studied. Vitamin A is consistently more inhibitory than vitamin D. The vitamin A precursor, β-carotene, is not inhibitory, whereas three vitamin A metabolites cause inhibition."
"Effects of Carotenoids and Retinoids on Immune-Mediated Chronic Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease" in Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Degenerative Disease Prevention (2011)
"Inflammation is the body's reaction to physiological interference from several external factors and internal abnormalities of the immune system. Chronic states of inflammation can lead to other complications such as the development of cardio-vascular diseases and cancer. Inflammatory intestinal diseases such as Crohn's and Colitis result from abnormalities in immune function. Carotenoids are strong antioxidants, and carotenoids derived retinoids such as vitamin A can down-regulate inflammation by biochemical and molecular mechanisms. This could be achieved by the modulation in the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines."
are mainly related to the intake of macronutrients, energy and fiber and micronutrients, including ... retinol...."
Impact of environmental factors on CD4+T cell differentiation in IBD. Environmental factors such as vitamins A and D, cytokines and specific microbiota are able to skew the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells and alter the balance between Treg and/or Th1/Th17 cells. The shift from a Treg dominated response to a Th1/Th17 response is implicated in the gut inflammatory process and the development of IBD. Manipulation of these environmental factors could be used therapeutically to shift the balance towards Tregs."
Primal Body, Primal Mind: Beyond the Paleo Diet for Total Health and a Longer Life by Nora T. Gedgaudas (2011)
"Vitamins A & D Inhibit the Growth of Mycobacteria in Radiometric Culture" in PLoS ONE (2011)
"Vitamins A and D cause dose-dependent inhibition of all three mycobacterial species studied. Vitamin A is consistently more inhibitory than vitamin D. The vitamin A precursor, β-carotene, is not inhibitory, whereas three vitamin A metabolites cause inhibition."
"Effects of Carotenoids and Retinoids on Immune-Mediated Chronic Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease" in Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Degenerative Disease Prevention (2011)
"Inflammation is the body's reaction to physiological interference from several external factors and internal abnormalities of the immune system. Chronic states of inflammation can lead to other complications such as the development of cardio-vascular diseases and cancer. Inflammatory intestinal diseases such as Crohn's and Colitis result from abnormalities in immune function. Carotenoids are strong antioxidants, and carotenoids derived retinoids such as vitamin A can down-regulate inflammation by biochemical and molecular mechanisms. This could be achieved by the modulation in the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines."
"Food intake in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease" in ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig (2011) [full article]
"There was deficiency in food intake in both CD and UC in active and in remission. These deficienciesare mainly related to the intake of macronutrients, energy and fiber and micronutrients, including ... retinol...."
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